Invitrogen

IL-6 Monoclonal Antibody (MP5-20F3), Functional Grade, eBioscience™

23 Published Figures

39 References

View all (211) IL-6 antibodies

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Protocols

Questions & Answers

Datasheet

Protocols

Questions & Answers

Antibody Testing Data (1)
Published Figures (23)

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IL-6 Antibody (16-7061-81) in IS

Mouse splenocytes (500,000 cells/well) were activated with LPS (1 µg/mL) for 48 hours in mouse IL-6 ELISPOT assay. Control well is medium alone.

IL-6 Antibody in Western Blot, Immunocytochemistry (WB, ICC/IF)

IL-6 Antibody in Immunocytochemistry (ICC/IF)

IL-6 Antibody in Western Blot, Immunohistochemistry (WB, IHC)

IL-6 Antibody in Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

IL-6 Antibody in Immunohistochemistry, ELISA (IHC, ELISA)

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Product Details

16-7061-81

Applications

Tested Dilution

Publications

Western Blot (WB)

View 2 publications 2 publications

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

View 2 publications 2 publications

Immunocytochemistry (ICC/IF)

View 3 publications 3 publications

Flow Cytometry (Flow)

View 8 publications 8 publications

ELISA (ELISA)

View 10 publications 10 publications

Neutralization (Neu)

Assay-Dependent

View 8 publications 8 publications

Functional Assay (Functional)

Assay-Dependent

View 5 publications 5 publications

Inhibition Assays (IA)

View 1 publication 1 publication

Immunostaining (IS)

0.5-2 µg/mL

Product Specifications

Species Reactivity

Mouse

Published species

Mouse

Host/Isotype

Rat / IgG1, kappa

Recommended Isotype Control

Rat IgG1 kappa Isotype Control (eBRG1), Functional Grade, eBioscience™

Class

Monoclonal

Type

Antibody

Clone

MP5-20F3

Conjugate

Functional Grade Functional Grade Functional Grade

Form

Liquid

Concentration

1 mg/mL

Purification

Affinity chromatography

Storage buffer

PBS, pH 7.2

Contains

no preservative

Storage conditions

4°C

Shipping conditions

Ambient (domestic); Wet ice (international)

AB_469216

Product Specific Information

Description: The MP5-20F3 antibody reacts with mouse interleukin-6 (IL-6). The MP5-20F3 antibody is a neutralizing antibody. mouse IL-6 (also known as B Cell Stimulating Factor, BCSF, and BSF-2) is a 21-28 kDa factor produced by a variety of cell types, including monocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Upon stimulation, macrophages, T, B, mast, and glial cells, eosinophils, keratinocytes and granulocytes also secrete IL-6. This pleiotrophic cytokine influences the antigen-specific immune response, inflammatory response, and the development of neurons, and is a major mediator of the acute phase reaction.

Applications Reported: This MP5-20F3 antibody has been reported for use in cytokine neutralization, ELISA capture antibody, and ELISPOT capture antibody.

Applications Tested: The Functional Grade Purified MP5-20F3 antibody has been tested by LAL assay to verify low endotoxin levels, by ELISA, and in bioassay for neutralization of mouse IL-6 bioactivity.

The MP5-20F3 antibody at 0.03 µg/mL has been found to inhibit by 50% the biological effects of 0.01 ng/mL mouse IL-6 in an B9 cell proliferation assay. Detailed information and protocols about can be found in the BestProtocols® section.

The MP5-20F3 antibody has been tested as the capture antibody in a sandwich ELISA for analysis of mouse interleukin-6 (IL-6) in combination with the biotinylated MP5-32C11 (Product # 13-7062-81) antibody for detection and recombinant mouse IL-6 (Product # 14-8061) as the standard. A suitable range of concentrations of this antibody for ELISA capture is 0.5-2 µg/mL. A standard curve consisting of doubling dilutions of the recombinant standard over the range of 8-1000 pg/mL should be included in each ELISA plate.

Storage and handling: Use in a sterile environment.

Filtration: 0.2 µm post-manufacturing filtered.

Purity: Greater than 90%, as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Endotoxin Level: Less than 0.001 ng/µg antibody, as determined by LAL assay.

Aggregation: Less than 10%, as determined by HPLC.

Target Information

IL-6 is a gene that encodes a cytokine that plays a role in inflammation and the maturation of B cells. The protein produced by this gene is an endogenous pyrogen that can induce fever in people with autoimmune diseases or infections. The gene is primarily expressed at sites of acute and chronic inflammation, where it is secreted into the serum and induces a transcriptional inflammatory response through interleukin 6 receptor, alpha. The functioning of this gene is implicated in a wide variety of inflammation-associated disease states, including suspectibility to diabetes mellitus and systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Elevated levels of the encoded protein have been found in virus infections, including COVID-19 (disease caused by SARS-CoV-2). Diseases associated with IL6 include Kaposi Sarcoma and Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Juvenile.

For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Not for resale without express authorization.

Product References

SHP2 regulates adipose maintenance and adipocyte-pancreatic cancer cell crosstalk via PDHA1.

Journal of cell communication and signaling

Olou AA,Ambrose J,Jack JL,Walsh M,Ruckert MT,Eades AE,Bye BA,Dandawate P,VanSaun MN

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Neutralization

Fri Sep 01 00:00:00 UTC 2023

Zika Virus Infection Induces Interleukin-1β-Mediated Inflammatory Responses by Macrophages in the Brain of an Adult Mouse Model.

Journal of virology

Jeong GU,Lee S,Kim DY,Lyu J,Yoon GY,Kim KD,Ku KB,Ko J,Kwon YC

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Flow Cytometry

Thu Jun 29 00:00:00 UTC 2023

A low-carbohydrate diet induces hepatic insulin resistance and metabolic associated fatty liver disease in mice.

Molecular metabolism

Long F,Bhatti MR,Kellenberger A,Sun W,Modica S,Höring M,Liebisch G,Krieger JP,Wolfrum C,Challa TD

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Neutralization

Wed Mar 01 00:00:00 UTC 2023

LILRB2/PirB mediates macrophage recruitment in fibrogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Nature communications

Li DP,Huang L,Kan RR,Meng XY,Wang SY,Zou HJ,Guo YM,Luo PQ,Pan LM,Xiang YX,Mao BB,Xie YY,Wang ZH,Yang M,He R,Yang Y,Liu ZL,Xie JH,Ma DL,Zhang BP,Shao SY,Chen X,Xu SM,He WT,Li WJ,Chen Y,Yu XF

16-7061-81 was used in Neutralization experiments to demonstrate that PirB/LILRB2 regulates the migration of macrophages during NASH by binding with its ligand angiopoietin-like protein 8.

Sat Jul 22 00:00:00 UTC 2023

Sox2 overexpression alleviates noise-induced hearing loss by inhibiting inflammation-related hair cell apoptosis.

Journal of neuroinflammation

Chen D,Jia G,Zhang Y,Mao H,Zhao L,Li W,Chen Y,Ni Y

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Immunocytochemistry

Mon Feb 28 00:00:00 UTC 2022

Sox2 overexpression alleviates noise-induced hearing loss by inhibiting inflammation-related hair cell apoptosis.

Journal of neuroinflammation

Chen D,Jia G,Zhang Y,Mao H,Zhao L,Li W,Chen Y,Ni Y

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Immunocytochemistry

Mon Feb 28 00:00:00 UTC 2022

Sox2 overexpression alleviates noise-induced hearing loss by inhibiting inflammation-related hair cell apoptosis.

Journal of neuroinflammation

Chen D,Jia G,Zhang Y,Mao H,Zhao L,Li W,Chen Y,Ni Y

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Immunocytochemistry

Mon Feb 28 00:00:00 UTC 2022

Lin28B-high breast cancer cells promote immune suppression in the lung pre-metastatic niche via exosomes and support cancer progression.

Nature communications

Qi M,Xia Y,Wu Y,Zhang Z,Wang X,Lu L,Dai C,Song Y,Xu K,Ji W,Zhan L

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Flow Cytometry

Wed Feb 16 00:00:00 UTC 2022

Senescent hepatic stellate cells promote liver regeneration through IL-6 and ligands of CXCR2.

JCI insight

Cheng N,Kim KH,Lau LF

16-7061-81 was used in Immunocytochemistry to conclude that HSC senescence, largely induced by CCN1, is a programmed response to PHx and plays a critical role in liver regeneration through signaling pathways activated by IL-6 and ligands of CXCR2.

Thu Jun 16 00:00:00 UTC 2022

Tumor-derived IL-6 and trans-signaling among tumor, fat, and muscle mediate pancreatic cancer cachexia.

The Journal of experimental medicine

Rupert JE,Narasimhan A,Jengelley DHA,Jiang Y,Liu J,Au E,Silverman LM,Sandusky G,Bonetto A,Cao S,Lu X,O'Connell TM,Liu Y,Koniaris LG,Zimmers TA

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Neutralization

Mon Jun 07 00:00:00 UTC 2021

Restoration of 5-methoxytryptophan protects against atherosclerotic chondrogenesis and calcification in ApoE^-/- mice fed high fat diet.

Journal of biomedical science

Lee GL,Liao TL,Wu JY,Wu KK,Kuo CC

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in ELISA

Mon Nov 08 00:00:00 UTC 2021

TNF-Like Ligand 1 Aberrance Aggravates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis via M1 Macrophage Polarization.

Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity

Luo Y,Guo J,Jia W,Wu M,Yin F,Niu G,Shih DQ,Targan SR,Zhang X

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Flow Cytometry

Fri Mar 04 00:00:00 UTC 2022

Murine Model of Sinusitis Infection for Screening Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Therapies.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

Alford MA,Choi KG,Trimble MJ,Masoudi H,Kalsi P,Pletzer D,Hancock REW

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in ELISA

Fri Jul 02 00:00:00 UTC 2021

Betulinic Acid Ameliorates the Severity of Acute Pancreatitis via Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Mice.

International journal of molecular sciences

Zhou Z,Choi JW,Shin JY,Kim DU,Kweon B,Oh H,Kim YC,Song HJ,Bae GS,Park SJ

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Immunocytochemistry

Sat Jun 26 00:00:00 UTC 2021

Spatial proteomics revealed a CX₃CL1-dependent crosstalk between the urothelium and relocated macrophages through IL-6 during an acute bacterial infection in the urinary bladder.

Mucosal immunology

Bottek J,Soun C,Lill JK,Dixit A,Thiebes S,Beerlage AL,Horstmann M,Urbanek A,Heuer H,Uszkoreit J,Eisenacher M,Bracht T,Sitek B,Hoffmann F,Vijitha N,von Eggeling F,Engel DR

16-7061-85 was used in Inhibition Assays to describe the crosstalk between the infected urothelium and macrophages through IL-6-induced CX3CL1 expression.

Wed Jul 01 00:00:00 UTC 2020

Spatial proteomics revealed a CX₃CL1-dependent crosstalk between the urothelium and relocated macrophages through IL-6 during an acute bacterial infection in the urinary bladder.

Mucosal immunology

Bottek J,Soun C,Lill JK,Dixit A,Thiebes S,Beerlage AL,Horstmann M,Urbanek A,Heuer H,Uszkoreit J,Eisenacher M,Bracht T,Sitek B,Hoffmann F,Vijitha N,von Eggeling F,Engel DR

16-7061-85 was used in Inhibition Assays to describe the crosstalk between the infected urothelium and macrophages through IL-6-induced CX3CL1 expression.

Wed Jul 01 00:00:00 UTC 2020

Spatial proteomics revealed a CX₃CL1-dependent crosstalk between the urothelium and relocated macrophages through IL-6 during an acute bacterial infection in the urinary bladder.

Mucosal immunology

Bottek J,Soun C,Lill JK,Dixit A,Thiebes S,Beerlage AL,Horstmann M,Urbanek A,Heuer H,Uszkoreit J,Eisenacher M,Bracht T,Sitek B,Hoffmann F,Vijitha N,von Eggeling F,Engel DR

16-7061-85 was used in Inhibition Assays to describe the crosstalk between the infected urothelium and macrophages through IL-6-induced CX3CL1 expression.

Wed Jul 01 00:00:00 UTC 2020

Vanadium Derivative Exposure Promotes Functional Alterations of VSMCs and Consequent Atherosclerosis via ROS/p38/NF-κB-Mediated IL-6 Production.

International journal of molecular sciences

Yeh CC,Wu JY,Lee GL,Wen HT,Lin P,Kuo CC

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in ELISA

Wed Dec 04 00:00:00 UTC 2019

Hepatic inflammation caused by dysregulated bile acid synthesis is reversible by butyrate supplementation.

The Journal of pathology

Sheng L,Jena PK,Hu Y,Liu HX,Nagar N,Kalanetra KM,French SW,French SW,Mills DA,Wan YY

16-7061 was used in Western Blotting to establish the relationship between butyrate and dysregulated bile acid synthesis-induced hepatitis, as well as the effect of butyrate in reversing the liver pathology.

Fri Dec 01 00:00:00 UTC 2017

Depletion of microglia exacerbates postischemic inflammation and brain injury.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Jin WN,Shi SX,Li Z,Li M,Wood K,Gonzales RJ,Liu Q

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Flow Cytometry

Thu Jun 01 00:00:00 UTC 2017

TNFR-Associated Factors 2 and 5 Differentially Regulate the Instructive IL-6 Receptor Signaling Required for Th17 Development.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Nagashima H,Okuyama Y,Hayashi T,Ishii N,So T

16-7061-81 was used in Functional assay to demonstrate that both TNFR-associated factor (TRAF)2 and TRAF5 work as important regulators of the IL-6R signalling needed for IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cell development.

Sun May 15 00:00:00 UTC 2016

Beneficial Effects of Anti-Interleukin-6 Antibodies on Impaired Gastrointestinal Motility, Inflammation and Increased Colonic Permeability in a Murine Model of Sepsis Are Most Pronounced When Administered in a Preventive Setup.

PloS one

Nullens S,Staessens M,Peleman C,Plaeke P,Malhotra-Kumar S,Francque S,De Man JG,De Winter BY

16-7061 was used in Functional assays to study the effect of therapeutic or curative administration of anti-IL6 antibodies on overall gastrointestinal motility, colonic permeability and translocation of intestinal bacteria.

Fri Aug 19 00:00:00 UTC 2016

Sprouty1 induces a senescence-associated secretory phenotype by regulating NFκB activity: implications for tumorigenesis.

Cell death and differentiation

Macià A,Vaquero M,Gou-Fàbregas M,Castelblanco E,Valdivielso JM,Anerillas C,Mauricio D,Matias-Guiu X,Ribera J,Encinas M

Published figure using IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Product # 16-7061-81) in Neutralization

Sat Feb 01 00:00:00 UTC 2014

Distinct dictation of Japanese encephalitis virus-induced neuroinflammation and lethality via triggering TLR3 and TLR4 signal pathways.

PLoS pathogens

Han YW,Choi JY,Uyangaa E,Kim SB,Kim JH,Kim BS,Kim K,Eo SK

16-7061 was used in an ELISA assay to suggest that a balanced triggering of TLR signal array by viral components during Japanese encephalitis progression could be responsible for determining disease outcome.

Mon Sep 01 00:00:00 UTC 2014

Reduced B lymphoid kinase (Blk) expression enhances proinflammatory cytokine production and induces nephrosis in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice.

PloS one

Samuelson EM,Laird RM,Papillion AM,Tatum AH,Princiotta MF,Hayes SM

16-7061 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to demonstrate how BLK risk alleles confer susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus.

Tue Nov 11 00:00:00 UTC 2014

Persistently active microbial molecules prolong innate immune tolerance in vivo.

PLoS pathogens

Lu M,Varley AW,Munford RS

16-7061 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to demonstrate a novel mechanism for tolerance reprogramming following exposure to Gram-negative bacteria.

Wed May 01 00:00:00 UTC 2013

β(2) integrins inhibit TLR responses by regulating NF-κB pathway and p38 MAPK activation.

European journal of immunology

Yee NK,Hamerman JA

16-7061 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to show that deficiency in β(2) integrins causes hyperresponsiveness to TLR stimulation.

Fri Mar 01 00:00:00 UTC 2013

Adhesion to substrates induces dendritic cell endothelization and decreases immunological response.

Immunobiology

Osterbur J,Sprague L,Muccioli M,Pate M,Mansfield K,McGinty J,Li Y,Li Y,Shirure V,Courreges MC,Benencia F

16-7061 was used in an ELISA assay to investigate the effects of different soluble factors, substrates and culture surfaces on the phenotype and function of dendritic cells.

Tue Jan 01 00:00:00 UTC 2013

The liver X receptor agonist GW3965 improves recovery from mild repetitive traumatic brain injury in mice partly through apolipoprotein E.

PloS one

Namjoshi DR,Martin G,Donkin J,Wilkinson A,Stukas S,Fan J,Carr M,Tabarestani S,Wuerth K,Hancock RE,Wellington CL

16-7061 was used in an ELISA assay to investigate the therapeutic use of Liver X receptor for treatment of TBI.

Tue Jul 09 00:00:00 UTC 2013

Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigens attenuate IFN-γ-induced MHC class II expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

PloS one

Tang GX,Zhou HJ,Xu JW,Xu JM,Ji MJ,Wu HW,Wu GL

16-7061 was used in Blocking experiments to elucidate the innate immune-related molecular events involved in the interaction between S. japonicum and its host.

Tue May 07 00:00:00 UTC 2013

Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigens attenuate IFN-γ-induced MHC class II expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

PloS one

Tang GX,Zhou HJ,Xu JW,Xu JM,Ji MJ,Wu HW,Wu GL

16-7061 was used in Blocking experiments to elucidate the innate immune-related molecular events involved in the interaction between S. japonicum and its host.

Tue May 07 00:00:00 UTC 2013

Signaling by the phosphatase MKP-1 in dendritic cells imprints distinct effector and regulatory T cell fates.

Immunity

Huang G,Wang Y,Shi LZ,Kanneganti TD,Chi H

16-7061 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to identify a regulatory circuit linking MKP-1 signaling in DCs, production of polarizing cytokines, and integration of DC-derived signals in responding T cells.

Fri Jul 22 00:00:00 UTC 2011

Lysine methylation of the NF-κB subunit RelA by SETD6 couples activity of the histone methyltransferase GLP at chromatin to tonic repression of NF-κB signaling.

Nature immunology

Levy D,Kuo AJ,Chang Y,Schaefer U,Kitson C,Cheung P,Espejo A,Zee BM,Liu CL,Tangsombatvisit S,Tennen RI,Kuo AY,Tanjing S,Cheung R,Chua KF,Utz PJ,Shi X,Prinjha RK,Lee K,Garcia BA,Bedford MT,Tarakhovsky A,Cheng X,Gozani O

16-7061 was used in an ELISA assay to screen candidate protein lysine methyltransferases and identify SETD6 as a methyltransferase that monomethylated chromatin-associated transcription factor NF-κB subunit RelA.

Sat Jan 01 00:00:00 UTC 2011

Distinct inflammatory signals have physiologically divergent effects on epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 expression and Treg function.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Lal G,Yin N,Xu J,Lin M,Schroppel S,Ding Y,Marie I,Levy DE,Bromberg JS

16-7061 was used in Functional assays to investigate how different inflammatory signals affect Foxp3 expression and Tregs plasticity, showing that distinct signals have physiologically divergent effects on Foxp3 epigenetic regulation.

Tue Feb 01 00:00:00 UTC 2011

Synthetic cationic peptide IDR-1002 provides protection against bacterial infections through chemokine induction and enhanced leukocyte recruitment.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Nijnik A,Madera L,Ma S,Waldbrook M,Elliott MR,Easton DM,Mayer ML,Mullaly SC,Kindrachuk J,Jenssen H,Hancock RE

16-7061 was used in an ELISA assay to study the importance of the chemokine induction activity of host defence peptides in protection against bacterial infections.

Mon Mar 01 00:00:00 UTC 2010

Contrasting roles for all-trans retinoic acid in TGF-beta-mediated induction of Foxp3 and Il10 genes in developing regulatory T cells.

The Journal of experimental medicine

Maynard CL,Hatton RD,Helms WS,Oliver JR,Stephensen CB,Weaver CT

16-7061 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to investigate alternative roles for all-trans retinoic acid in developing regulatory T cells.

Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 UTC 2009

IL-6 produced by immune complex-activated follicular dendritic cells promotes germinal center reactions, IgG responses and somatic hypermutation.

International immunology

Wu Y,El Shikh ME,El Sayed RM,Best AM,Szakal AK,Tew JG

Mon Jun 01 00:00:00 UTC 2009

IL-6 produced by immune complex-activated follicular dendritic cells promotes germinal center reactions, IgG responses and somatic hypermutation.

International immunology

Wu Y,El Shikh ME,El Sayed RM,Best AM,Szakal AK,Tew JG

Mon Jun 01 00:00:00 UTC 2009

Maladaptive role of IL-6 in ischemic acute renal failure.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Kielar ML,John R,Bennett M,Richardson JA,Shelton JM,Chen L,Jeyarajah DR,Zhou XJ,Zhou H,Chiquett B,Nagami GT,Lu CY

16-7061 was used in Functional assays to investigate the role of IL-6 in murine ischemic acute renal failure.

Tue Nov 01 00:00:00 UTC 2005

Bioinformatics

Protein Aliases: B-cell hybridoma growth factor; H-IL-6; IL-6; ILN; Interleukin; Interleukin HP-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin6; M-IL-6; R-IL-6

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Gene Aliases: Il-6; Il6

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UniProt ID: (Mouse) P08505

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Entrez Gene ID: (Mouse) 16193

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Function(s)

receptor binding cytokine activity interleukin-6 receptor binding protein binding growth factor activity

Process(es)

Performance Guarantee

If an Invitrogen™ antibody doesn't perform as described on our website or datasheet,we'll replace the product at no cost to you, or provide you with a credit for a future purchase.*

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IL-6 Monoclonal Antibody (MP5-20F3), Functional Grade, eBioscience™

IL-6 Antibody (16-7061-81) in IS

Product Details

16-7061-81

Western Blot (WB)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Immunocytochemistry (ICC/IF)

Flow Cytometry (Flow)

ELISA (ELISA)

Neutralization (Neu)

Functional Assay (Functional)

Inhibition Assays (IA)

Immunostaining (IS)

Species Reactivity

Published species

Host/Isotype

Recommended Isotype Control

Class

Type

Clone

Conjugate

Form

Concentration

Purification

Storage buffer

Contains

Storage conditions

Shipping conditions

RRID

Product Specific Information

Target Information

Bioinformatics

Performance Guarantee

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